This study was carried out to assess water quality index (WQI) of Apodi-RN Lagoon. Items are under different anthropogenic influences and were monitored during the 2009 drought in the months of July, September and November and the rainy season of 2010, in January, March and May, at four stations distributed throughout the urbanized portion of the Lagoon Apodi-RN, and analyzed the following parameters: fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus (TP), temperature, turbidity, total residue and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), which served the basis for the development of the WQI of this aquatic environment. It was observed that the worst WQI water was recorded in the dry season, and better at the end of the rainy season. Stations 3 and 4 were the ones with the worst WQI due to high levels of fecal coliform and low dissolved oxygen value. This lower water quality can be attributed to the higher population concentration in the region and no sewage system.

Chocolate truffles are filled and covered with chocolate, whose production is increasing in various Brazilian regions throughout the year. Sweet exotic fruits are widely used for filling. However, cashew very abundant in the northeast and of great nutritional importance has not been well explored. In this study we investigated the process of obtaining the microbiological quality and sensory acceptance of cashew truffles produced in artisanal scale. We used dark chocolate to cover the candy, was used as a filling prepared a fresh pasty based bagasse of cashew and passion fruit albedo The final concentration reached 66.00% of soluble solids (°BRIX) at 20 °. There was the microbiological quality, noted the absence of bacteria of the coliform group, the yeast and mold count was equal to (<1x10 ¹), below the standard maximum for fresh slurry (<1x104). The truffles were evaluated by the same microbiological parameters used for candy, and followed up after 1, 15 and 30 days of refrigerated storage (5 ° C ± 1). The count of yeasts and molds after one day of processing reached value (<1x10 ¹), remaining unchanged over 30 days. We did not detect the presence of bacteria of the coliform group. Acceptability test showed that more than 50% of the panelists agreed on the cashew truffles.

In this article we intend to discuss the proposed new high school vocational education articulated to, the SESI and SENAI institutions in the city of Mossoró / RN. This proposal aims to provide comprehensive training, based on the dimensions of work, science and culture and expand the possibilities of inclusion of citizens in social and productive life, as well as to continue its process of formation, contributing to the ongoing training and permanent student. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the contributions to this joint education - student learning and the possibilities of constructing new knowledge. The study is based on documents as normative references, educational, financial and operational coordination for the national basic education SESI with Senai Professional Education (2006), mapping report and diagnosis EBEP Project, basic education combined with the SESI Senai Professional education (2001, 2011). The emphasis of the LDB (Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education) 9.394/96, to make it clear that professional education should be developed in conjunction with regular education or different strategies for continuing education in a perspective of full citizenship. This research is a result of exploratory work-literature that aims to understand the biggest reflection and proposals assigned to that joint school with vocational education in contemporary society.

En este trabajo, se investiga la génesis del Programa de Integración de la Educación Profesional a la Educación Básica en la Educación de Personas Jóvenes y Adultas – PROEJA – que busca ofertar oportunidades educativas que integren, en la educación de personas jóvenes y adultas, la enseñanza secundaria a la educación profesional técnica de nivel medio o la enseñanza fundamental a la formación de trabajadores. Por medio de revisión bibliográfica y análisis documental, se evalúa el Programa, centrando la atención en los equívocos en su implantación, las posibilidades y los retos. Merece la pena decir que, pese a que el PROEJA trata de la integración de la Educación Profesional a toda la Educación Básica, en este trabajo, el análisis se centra en la integración entre los cursos técnicos de nivel medio y la enseñanza secundaria.

In recent decades seen a major advance in the amount of research in the field of autobiographies and life stories. This article is an experience that we are developing a scientific initiation in the Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Mossoró. We tried to know the representations of prospective teachers of mathematics, investigating on their life trajectories, the conception of the teacher profession and projections about the future professional. The methodology consists of written and oral autobiographical narratives of students in 5th period math. As first results, we note that the stories show us a set of ideas about the teaching profession guided by the discourse of devaluation and low self-esteem in relation to being a teacher. Nevertheless, many of the students reported the importance of the course for their lives and say they want to advance in this area, making it clear the fact that we are continually educated from our everyday experiences.

These narratives of education as expressed by teachers and students focused on career and experiences in school history with inclusion. Aims to understand actions that led to disruptions and changes in perspective of the construction of autonomy and independence of students with disabilities during their school experiences, seeking to show how the (auto) biographies are full of meaning and scale forming. Subjectivity occupies a central place to track the subject, the narrative of self and other, of caring for self and others. The approach works (auto) biography in order to explore aspects of memory and "I" of the teacher and student, making sense and constructing the other's place in your career training. Mantoan (2006), Passegi (2011), Souza (2003) and Bueno (1996) are the theoretical narratives of (auto) biographical and inclusion. Knowing, signifying and reframe pedagogical practices in relation to students with disabilities, through the narratives of teachers, helped confirm that secondary school teachers are building in the routine of the classroom with regard to compliance with the Special Education Policy perspective of Inclusive Education, and through the narratives of deaf students, presenting as it did the process of integration and retention in secondary school an inclusive perspective. At the same time brought subtleties pointed pedagogical challenges and opportunities to pursue the teaching profession and school experiences. These narratives were a provocative exercise our practices and classroom disruptions experience conservatism, and especially the exercise of the question the naturalization of the school space.

This article describes a practice of participatory planning experienced at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), established from general theories and conceptions designed by close students of the science of administration about the planning function, establishing itself as a concrete systematic reference operational. This is a model built on the principles of democratic management, having as main guiding instruments: the unified Political Pedagogical Project (PPP), worked in the various campuses of IFRN with methodology that integrates institutional segments (students, teachers and technical-administrative) in the definition of goals, targets and actions, among the social function of the Institute; the institutional Development Plan (IDP), also developed with participation of all community, which represents the effort of the institution in thinking about its own development, in short and medium term, in form that has been planned collectively; and parameters derived from governing bodies (CONSUP, Ministry of Education and organs of internal / or external control), and also diagnostic evaluation of the institutional situation. In this context, the Action Plan results, therefore, a collective construction process, involving all campuses and the Rectory, and the execution of which this plan involves tracking, monitoring and control, in order to ensure achieving goals through the established targets and, if necessary, correct the route and overcome difficulties.

The Educational Center Patativa do Assaré (CEPA) is a unit of "rehabilitation" for seventeen-year-old male juveniles in conflict with the law who pay social educative measure of detention, in Fortaleza, Ceará. We adopted a qualitative approach (MINAYO, 2003) to conduct a case study related to school education taught in the CEPA, with interviews and field journal as instruments. Through observation it was possible to as certain that the institution has five appropriate classrooms, but students only enjoy daily two hours of class. The school is administered through the Education for Youths and Adults (EJA), regardless of the distortion between grade and age, respecting a system of internal rotation. The analysis of interviews with seven participants, allowed establishing that: the frequency to the classroom configures the most desired activity by young people; school education is suspended when they are punished for disciplinary unwanted behavior; the classroom time is insufficient; and education does not address their statutory purpose of developing the student for citizenship and progression in further studies.

In this paper an assessment is made against accuracy and precision of analytical techniques for quantification of organic matter in effluent characteristics toxic and biodegradable carbonaceous source. The work consisted in the development of synthetic solutions of sacarose (component present in industrial effluents from food) and phenol (toxic component present in petrochemical effluents). These solutions were evaluated for the levels of repeatability and reproducibility of the techniques for determination of organic matter through the following methods: total solids - TS, volatile solids - SV, direct determination of phenols, direct determination of the content total sugars - AT, total organic carbon - TOC, biochemical oxygen demand - BOD, chemical oxygen demand - COD and high performance liquid chromatography - (HPLC). the results point to substantial errors in the measurement of these constituents by the technique BOD as a function of the mechanism of indirect determination of oxygen consumption, which leads to errors and dependence on reaction kinetics, as well as a good representation by the gravimetric technique to determine the content of volatile solids.

On September 23, 1909, under the Decree no. 7566, the President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, Nilo Peçanha, created, in the capitals of the States of the Republic, the so-called Schools of Apprentice Crafters (SAC) for free elementary professional education. In this way, we aim at reflecting about the School of Apprentice Crafters in Natal/RN in the context of the implementation of this network of Professional Education in Brazil. To do so, we focus on the school culture of the SAC and its daily practices, knowledge to teach and behaviors to learn. In the first decade of the twentieth century, the SAC in Natal/RN kept a curriculum and a set of practices targeted at the professional who worked for himself such as the shoemaker, the carpenter and the tanner.

From the Reformation occurred in the Brazilian State, we can realize the measures that the Reformation exerts on the politics and the society, such as decentralization, privatization, outsourcing and the targeting, aspiring to cause reduction in public spending. In this context, this article aims to discuss about the State Reform in Brazil and its consequences in the modernization of Education management modernization, where Education planning receives new functions. The management oriented for the pattern of efficiency and the implementation of projects are always guided by the concept of democratic management, while it is molded according to total quality, which is opposed to social quality. Thus, this research, is based on the authors BRESSER PEREIRA (1997) who defines the Reform of the State as “[…] a State fiscal crisis, a crisis in the State intervention way into the economic and social areas, and a crisis in the bureaucratic way of managing the State” (p. 09); VIDAL (2005); BEZERRA (2001); RAMOS (2010); SOUZA (2001) and BEHRING (2003); BRITO (2010); RAMOS (2005); SHIROMA (2004); BALL (2002). In the first place, from the analyzes, we can see that the Reform of the State resulted in modernization in the managerialist perspective, resulting in decentralization, in management by results and in the school community participation.

Brazil holds the world leader production of sugarcane, this activity uses the bagasse of sugarcane as biomass to generate energy, which results in the production of large quantities of waste which can be a source for production mineral additive used in cementitious composites. This paper presente the results of evaluation pozzolanic activity of the sugarcane biomass waste and lime. Waste went through three different processes: screening, grinding for 1 hour and 30 minutes and grinding for 3 hours and 30 minutes, in order to generate ash to be used as mineral additives in cementitious materials. The techniques of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and compressive strength were used to evaluate the pozzolanic ash. The results indicate that the waste may be classified as Class E pozzolans. The pozzolanic activity was verified by formation of calcium silicate hydrate through the analysis of X-ray diffraction performed in the paste with waste milled for 3 hours and 30 minutes.

Considering the great importance of textbooks in everyday teaching practice, this article aims to evaluate four books indicated by PNLD 2012 as the presence of epistemological obstacles studied by Bachelard, since these are not analyzed by the examiners PNLD and can generate learning difficulties during the teaching process. The analysis was done considering the book as a whole and then we can see that all books presented obstacles, mostly verbal, whose cause was attributed to an attempt to simplify scientific or abstract terms, and that the texts do not contain animist obstacles, which may indicate greater concern with the inclusion of scientific language in everyday school life.

Lipases are biocatalysts of great importance in different areas, being able to catalyze reactions in aqueous or organic media. Furthermore, these enzymes are capable of using several substrates being stable in a wide range of pH and temperatures. Lipases promote the esterification between fatty acids and ethanol producing oleate esters. The aim of this work is to produce ethyl oleate ester by enzymatic esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. A lipase from Candida antarctica type B was used at a temperature of 55 °C. The reaction was conducted using oleic acid, sodium sulfate anhydrous, lipase and ethanol, with a ratio of oleic acid (0.03 mol or 10 ml), lipase (0.1 mol or 0.01 g), sodium sulfate anhydrous (5 g) and ethanol 99 % (100 ml). Several reaction times were studied, namely 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H and 13C) and Infrared spectra confirmed the production of ethyl oleate ester for the studied conditions. The highest ethyl oleate production yield was obtained for 96 hours reaction time. Ethyl oleate esters have been reported to possess interesting applications in several industrial fields, such as food, aromatics, cosmetics, detergents, flavors and pharmaceuticals.

The Interdisciplinarity is debate in educational environment for a long time. In the context of this discussion, the need expressed by most responsible for curriculum organization is the need for the elaboration of interdisciplinary educational practices. The speeches, they seem, are always the same: "you have to work interdisciplinary"; "Interdisciplinarity constructs a fuller knowledge"; or even, "Our school works through interdisciplinary projects". But, after all, what is interdisciplinarity? What is its importance to the reconfiguration of the learning and teaching? What is its relevance within educational practices developed in high school? These are some of the questions motivating this work, which focuses especially on the analysis of the integration of sociological knowledge and of other subjects members of the high school curriculum, with a view to tecitura critical considerations on the problems at hand. It is located in the reflection study methodologically qualitative and quantitative of the pre-test results of searching "the situation of teaching sociology at the high school of Rio Grande do Norte-Brazil", carried out by the research group Culture politics and education, Department of social sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), in partnership with the Sociedade Brasileira de Sociologia (SBS) and the Social Science Research Laboratory (LAPIS-UFRN)on the occasion of the XIV National Congress of sociologists, the VII national meeting of Social Sciences courses and I national seminar of education in social sciences, held in April 2008. Brings as a general reorganization of both curricular teacher training courses on how to organize the high school, so as to break with the distribution of subjects by isolated departments and with the teaching of teachers who are teaching behaviors without the necessary reflection.

Reflejase acerca algunos puntos y contrapuntos de La reforma educativa implantadas en América Latina y Caribe en los años de 1990, planteándose las particularidades de La efectuación de esa reforma en Brasil. Tratase de un estudio teórico que prioriza La literatura que versa acerca los presupuestos que fundamentan La economía global e informacional orientadora de las reformas en El plan político e influenciadoras de los cambios sociales en escalas: local, regional, nacional e interaccional, bien como La reforma educativa en discusión. Observase que, en los últimos años del siglo XX, prácticamente todos los países de América Latina y Caribe impulsaron acciones y esfuerzos en La dirección de reformas educativas. En Brasil los estudios enfatizan que esas reformas se encaminen para La reorganización institucional, La descentralización de La gestión administrativa, financiera y pedagógica, y para El fortalecimiento de La autonomía de las escuelas. Estos señalizan aún para una política de municipalización con transferencias de responsabilidades de La unión para los municipios y para La desarticulación de La enseñanza media integrada, respaldada por El proyecto de ley n. 1603/96 y por El decreto n. 2208/97, en El ámbito de La educación profesional.

Este artículo teórico tiene el objetivo de reflejar sobre la creatividad y las creencias como elementos de la formación docente y de la actuación profesional del profesor. Se comprende la creatividad como potencialidad humana. En la sociedad contemporánea conforme Torre (2008) descrito como el “Siglo de la creatividad”, la educación básica deberá volverse, prioritariamente para el desarrollo humano en la perspectiva de la creatividad. Delante del expuesto surge una cuestión importante para análisis de esa visión sistémica en el contexto de formación docente actual: la formación del profesor, de hecho, no solamente su formación, pero el propio profesor y sus creencias, concepciones, vivencias en la perspectiva de la enseñanza creativa están preparados para lidiar con esos desafíos, ¿cuyos cuáles visualizan la creatividad como elemento preponderante en la formación pedagógica y profesional del profesor contemporáneo? Así siendo, el referido artículo está estructurado en el siguiente formato: de entrada, se discutirá la creatividad a las creencias como componentes esenciales e intrínsecos a la formación docente, aunque no tan explícitos en sus recorridos; en el segundo momento se reflejará acerca del Paradigma Emergente de Formación (PEF) y el lugar de la creatividad y de las creencias en la formación y actuación docente a partir de esta perspectiva teórico-metodológica de formación docente, y por fin, se tejerá sobre el proceso pedagógico y su condición de vía de mano doble para el desarrollo del potencial creativo del alumno y del profesor.

The present article discusses teacher training of educators with only Bachelor’s degrees who act as education professionals in institutions of Higher Education, considering the social context in which they currently perform, as well as presenting existing challenges in the performance of teachers within this context. We begin with the question: What challenges need to be confronted in teacher training programs for the field of education professionals and Higher? We developed this thematic approach based on a literature review, and including part of a study developed in a broader research project that resulted in the publication of a doctoral dissertation about teaching on the part of educators with only Bachelor’s degrees. Our conclusion defends the systemization of continuing education programs for teachers as basic training policy, as we believe that this systemization will benefit Higher Education and Professional Education, allowing professionals to overcome moments of crisis and insecurity experienced in their daily lives, finding solutions when faced with uncertainty generated by the need for new competencies, skills, and the need to meet the demands of professionals in continuing education programs.

From several methodologies available, the Element based Finite Volume Method (EbFVM), in conjunction with unstructured meshes, is a methodology that deserves large attention in the petroleum reservoir simulation. After the initial step of discretization, each element is divided into sub-elements and the mass balance for each component is developed for each sub-element (sub-control volumes). This work presents an investigation of an element-based approach using the black-oil model based on pressure and global mass fractions. In this approach, even when all gas phase is dissolved in oil phase the global mass fraction of gas will be different from zero. Therefore, no additional numerical procedure is necessary in order to treat the gas phase appear/disappearance. In this work, the above mentioned approach is applied to multiphase flows involving oil, gas, and water. The mass balance equations in terms of global mass fraction of oil, water and global mass fractions are discretized through the EbFVM using a fully implicit procedure. In order to validate the numerical results of the proposed methodology, the results obtained with the IMEX simulator (Implicit-Explicit Black Oil Simulation) from CMG (Computer Modeling Group) are presented for some of the chosen case studies.

The solid residues of the civil construction present great environmental problems owed the great produced amount and inadequate destination mainly. This work objectifies to know the characteristics of the dumps generated in the city of Teresina, as well as its quantification and possible environmental impacts. The study was accomplished in a construction of a residential building of 19 pavements, during the coating phases (against floor establishment) and concrete (flagstone and ramp). In the coating phase a loss of 0,66% of the used material. In the concrete phase the waste was of 1,25%. Of there it is ended that the industry of civil construction is an enormous one generating of residues, or dump, that you/they are commonly thrown in the atmosphere.

This article aims to highlight the performance of the Govern mentregarding the actions of social assistance to the elderly. The report highlights "Social Marcos" Brazilians in favor of the elderly, as well as the first steps of the state policy directed to this age group. Talks about the 1988 Constitution and contemplation in their articles, when it comes to attention and care as the appropriate treatment to the elderly citizen as a person possessing rights. The following are addressed to the National Policy for the Elderly and the Elderly, as important social actions taken by the State. Finally, the paper emphasizes the initiatives and proposals from various related government ministries to meet the present demands in the context of the elderly, as well as the occurrence of significant events that allude to this theme. Underscoring the potential contribution of IFRN for the state of the RN, as a policy of promoting social activities targeted to the elderly.

The preparation of this work search perform a critical analysis about the way some content of geography of the population is being worked in textbook of geography, in specific, content that work with the increase and the decrease of quantitative population as: population growth and overcrowding on, control of mortality and birth rates, life expectancy, among other relevant aspects. Thus, we seek to understand the factors that surround the teach these contents, in order to find paths of access to the improvement of teaching, and also to show that there are flaws, but also qualities in the model of current education. Thus, on the basis of these guiding questions, trying to contextualize how the content relating to populational aspects have been treated in geography textbooks of middle school and their contributions to the teaching-learning process.

This work focuses on the perception of teachers and students of a class of the National Program of Integração da Educação Profissional com a Educação Básica, na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA), do Técnico de Nível Médio Integrado em Manutenção de Computadores. Its subject is a study of case that took place in the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IFRN) - Campus Natal Zona Norte. It is also part of a monograph entitled Proeja como inclusão escolar: um estudo de caso sobre as necessidades especiais dos estudantes developed as final work to the post-graduation course of Educação Profissional e Tecnológica Inclusiva a Distância do Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso. This article observes the point of view of teachers and students showing quantitative and qualitative data that priories their environment as a direct source of these data; that treats data as mostly descriptive, and that concerns to the process and not to the product. To compose this analysis, it firs elaborates a critic review about the concept of inclusion and its insertion on the Federal Net of Technology Education. It also observes the legislation about this subject and finally, presents the perception of teachers and students of a class from PROEJA in Campus Natal Zona Norte about their own experience.

In comtemporary Brazil, structural reasons prevent that a big part of the population advance in the educational system. The program "Universidade para Todos", translated as "University for Everyone", also known as "ProUni", is a program developped by the Ministry of Education (MEC), created by the federal government in 2004, and it has the objective of conceding full and partial scholarships in private higher education institutions, to undergraduate and graduate studies, to brazilian students who come from families of low-income and do not yet have a university degree. The research was conducted in a private university, located in the south of Natal-RN, with the objective of identify the social representation of universities between the observed subjects. Were part in this analysis the texts and answers of 80 recently-admitted students to the institution, selected through the ProUni process.